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Sino-Vietnamese (Vietnamese: ''Hán-Việt'') are the elements in the Vietnamese language derived from Chinese. They account for between 30% and 60% of the Vietnamese vocabulary, not including calques from China. This vocabulary was originally written with Chinese characters that were used in the Vietnamese writing system, but like all written Vietnamese, is now written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet that was adopted in the early 20th century. The term Sino-Vietnamese was used by Samuel Martin in one of the three main strands of his "Sino-Xenic" (1953) nomenclature for Chinese as spoken and written in Vietnam (Sino-Vietnamese), Korea (Sino-Korean), and Japan (Sino-Japanese). == History == As a result of a thousand years of Chinese control, and a further thousand years of strong Chinese influence, a lot of Chinese vocabulary was adopted into Vietnamese. Literary Chinese was used in administration, and thus terms relating to science, politics, education, and philosophy entered the common lexicon. Like Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese, these terms are pronounced differently in Vietnamese. Over the years, a system establishing rules on how to pronounce Chinese characters was developed. As contact with the West grew, Western concepts were taken into Vietnamese through the filter of Chinese. Western works were translated into Chinese and read by the literati. Western names, approximated in Chinese (in some cases approximated in Japanese and then borrowed into Chinese), were further garbled in Vietnamese pronunciations. For example, Portugal became , and in Vietnamese ''Bồ Đào Nha''. England became ''Anh Cát Lợi'' () shortened to ''Anh'' (), while America became ''Mỹ Lợi Gia'' (), shortened to ''Mỹ'' (). Interestingly, ''club'' became ''kurabu'' in Japan, was borrowed to China, then to Vietnam, is read as ''câu lạc bộ'', and abbreviated ''CLB'', which can be an abbreviation for club. Recently, Sino-Vietnamese has been playing a less important role in Vietnamese as efforts are made to use native Vietnamese words or phonetic pronunciations of certain foreign words in cases where Sino-Vietnamese is considered pointless or simply an elaborate form of phoneticizing. Wherever there exists adequate native Vietnamese terminology, native terms will tend to be used. For example, the White House is referred to as ''Nhà Trắng'', as opposed to the austere-sounding ''Bạch Ốc'' (). Another example is the Vietnamese name of countries; except for the most deeply ingrained, or ones with Chinese references (e.g. "Trung Quốc" for China), Vietnamese names for countries of the world are now close to their original spelling or pronunciation instead of Sino-Vietnamese. This practice of naming countries is similar to other sinoxenic languages such as Japanese and Korean. However, China-specific names and concepts (toponyms or political, literary, religious, scientific, medical, and technical terminology) continue to be rendered in Sino-Vietnamese. Sometimes regional variation can be found in the prevalence of a Sino-Vietnamese or native term. For example, ''máy bay'' is the standard (Hanoi) word for an aeroplane; in the south, ''phi cơ'' (from ) is more common but losing popularity. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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